Research
Our research focuses on the design and implementation of systems software for modern and emerging computing platforms. We investigate how operating systems, runtime systems, and computing architectures can work together to address the challenges of increasingly complex applications and heterogeneous hardware.
Our research is organized around two main directions:
Dependable and Predictable Systems Software
We investigate operating systems and runtime mechanisms for real-time, embedded, and safety-critical applications. Our research addresses scheduling, resource management, timing analysis, and fault tolerance, with the goal of ensuring correct and timely execution under diverse operating conditions.
Systems Software for Memory-Centric Computing
We explore how systems software can exploit emerging memory technologies and heterogeneous computing architectures. Our research focuses on operating system, compiler, and runtime support for memory management, data placement, and resource optimization, including processing-in-memory and heterogeneous memory systems.
Across both directions, we pursue cross-layer approaches that bridge software and hardware to address fundamental challenges in system design.
Please refer to our publications and research projects for further details.
Publications of Computer Systems Research Group
2026
How Much Energy Is Wasted in LLM operations? Evidence from Kernel-Level DVFS
J. Spaan, K.-H. Chen, A.-L. Varbanescu, in: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers, ACM, 2026.
Efficient Hash-to-Index via Rejection Sampling for Online Fault Detection with Bloom/Cuckoo Filters
E.S. Cishugi, K.-H. Chen, M. Ottavi, in: 2026 IEEE European Test Symposium (ETS), IEEE, 2026.
Releaser Design and Schedulability Analysis for Care-Taking Tasks in Real-Time Systems
N. Hölscher, K. Heider, G. von der Brüggen, M. Günzel, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, in: 2026 IEEE 32nd Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS), IEEE, 2026.
Instruction Error Detection With Bloom Filters: Architecture, Radiation Testing, and Fault Injection
E.S. Cishugi, T.T. Smit, B. Forlin, C. Cazzaniga, K.-H. Chen, M. Ottavi, IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability 26 (2026) 752–760.
2025
LazyTick: Lazy and Efficient Management of Job Release in Real-Time Operating Systems
K. Heider, C. Hakert, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 24 (2025) 1–25.
Shielded reinforcement learning for fault-tolerant scheduling in real-time systems
J. Shi, K.-H. Chen, Real-Time Systems 61 (2025) 306–310.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Fault-Resilient Cyber-Physical Systems—Part 2
K.-H. Chen, J. Li, F. Reghenzani, J.-J. Chen, ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems 9 (2025) 1–2.
Optimizing Electric Vehicle Scheduling with Charging Guarantees using Flow Models with Local Penalties
L. Winschermann, M. Günzel, K.-H. Chen, J. Hurink, in: Proceedings of the 16th ACM International Conference on Future and Sustainable Energy Systems, ACM, 2025.
REAP-NVM: Resilient Endurance-Aware NVM-Based PUF Against Learning-Based Attacks
H. Nassar, M.-L. Wei, C.-L. Yang, J. Henkel, K.-H. Chen, in: 2025 Design, Automation &Amp; Test in Europe Conference (DATE), IEEE, 2025.
Bloom Filters for Soft Error Detection: Neutron and Fault Injection Validation
E.S. Cishugi, T.T. Smit, B. Forlin, C. Cazzaniga, K.-H. Chen, M. Ottavi, in: 2025 IEEE 31st International Symposium on On-Line Testing and Robust System Design (IOLTS), IEEE, 2025.
TrackScorer: Skyrmion Logic-in-Memory Accelerator for Tree-Based Ranking Models
E.S. Cishugi, S. Buschjäger, M. Noorlander, M. Ottavi, K.-H. Chen, in: 2025 Design, Automation &Amp; Test in Europe Conference (DATE), IEEE, 2025.
Co-Designing NVM-based Systems for Machine Learning and In-memory Search Applications
J. Henkel, L. Siddhu, H. Nassar, L. Bauer, J.-J. Chen, C. Hakert, T. Seidl, K.-H. Chen, X.S. Hu, M. Li, C.-L. Yang, M.-L. Wei, in: Proceedings of the 43rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, ACM, 2025.
Wedge-Parallel Triangle Counting for GPUs
J. Spaan, K.-H. Chen, D.A. Bader, A.-L. Varbanescu, in: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 2025.
Theoretical Foundations of Utility Accrual for Real-Time Systems
J.-J. Chen, J. Shi, M. Günzel, G. von der Brüggen, K.-H. Chen, P. Bella, in: R. Mancuso (Ed.), 37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025), Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, Dagstuhl, Germany, 2025, p. 17:1–17:26.
2024
Introduction to Special Issue on In/Near Memory and Storage Computing for Embedded Systems
L. Shi, J. Shi, H. Amrouch, K.-H. Chen, M. Zhao, W. Liu, ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 23 (2024) 1–3.
Lightweight Instrumentation for Accurate Performance Monitoring in RTOSes
B. Forlin, K.-H. Chen, N. Alachiotis, L. Cassano, M. Ottavi, in: 2024 Design, Automation &Amp; Test in Europe Conference &Amp; Exhibition (DATE), IEEE, 2024.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Fault-Resilient Cyber-Physical Systems—Part I
K.-H. Chen, J. Li, F. Reghenzani, J.-J. Chen, ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems 8 (2024) 1–3.
Accelerated Real-Time Classification of Evolving Data Streams using Adaptive Random Forests
F. Ridder, K.-H. Chen, N. Alachiotis, in: 2023 International Conference on Field Programmable Technology (ICFPT), IEEE, 2024.
Language-Based Deployment Optimization for Random Forests (Invited Paper)
J. Malcher, D. Biebert, K.-H. Chen, S. Buschjäger, C. Hakert, J.-J. Chen, in: Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED International Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems, ACM, 2024.
An Enhanced Fault Injection Framework for FPGA-Based Soft-Cores
T.T. Smit, B.E. Forlin, K.-H. Chen, I. Souvatzoglou, M. Psarakis, M. Ottavi, in: 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI and Nanotechnology Systems (DFT), IEEE, 2024.
FLInt: Exploiting Floating Point Enabled Integer Arithmetic for Efficient Random Forest Inference
C. Hakert, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, in: 2024 Design, Automation &Amp; Test in Europe Conference &Amp; Exhibition (DATE), IEEE, 2024.
Special Session - Non-Volatile Memories: Challenges and Opportunities for Embedded System Architectures with Focus on Machine Learning Applications
J. Henkel, L. Siddhu, L. Bauer, J. Teich, S. Wildermann, M. Tahoori, M. Mayahinia, J. Castrillon, A.A. Khan, H. Farzaneh, J.P.C.D. Lima, J.-J. Chen, C. Hakert, K.-H. Chen, C.-L. Yang, H.-Y. Cheng, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Compilers, Architecture, and Synthesis for Embedded Systems, ACM, 2024.
2023
Compositional Timing Analysis of Asynchronized Distributed Cause-effect Chains
M. Günzel, K.-H. Chen, N. Ueter, G. von der Brüggen, M. Dürr, J.-J. Chen, ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 22 (2023) 1–34.
Rapid NVM Simulation and Analysis on Single Bit Granularity Featuring Gem5 and NVMain
N. Hölscher, M.D. Truong, C. Hakert, T. Seidl, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, in: 2023 IEEE 12th Non-Volatile Memory Systems and Applications Symposium (NVMSA), IEEE, 2023.
Scheduling Periodic Segmented Self-Suspending Tasks without Timing Anomalies
C.-C. Lin, M. Günzel, J. Shi, T.T. Seidl, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, in: 2023 IEEE 29th Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS), IEEE, 2023.
Average Task Execution Time Minimization under (m, k) Soft Error Constraint
J. Shi, N. Ueter, J.-J. Chen, K.-H. Chen, in: 2023 IEEE 29th Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS), IEEE, 2023.
Timing Analysis of Cause-Effect Chains with Heterogeneous Communication Mechanisms
M. Guenzel, N. Ueter, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, in: The 31st International Conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems, ACM, 2023.
Probabilistic Reaction Time Analysis
M. Günzel, N. Ueter, K.-H. Chen, G. von der Brüggen, J.-J. Chen, ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 22 (2023) 1–22.
Guest Editorial: Special Issue on Systems Optimizations for DSP and AI Applications
K.-H. Chen, Y.-C. Lin, J.-K. Lee, Journal of Signal Processing Systems 95 (2023) 569–570.
Timing-Aware ROS 2 Architecture and System Optimization
H. Teper, T. Betz, G. Von Der Brüggen, K.-H. Chen, J. Betz, J.-J. Chen, in: 2023 IEEE 29th International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA), IEEE, 2023.
Immediate Split Trees: Immediate Encoding of Floating Point Split Values in Random Forests
C. Hakert, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, in: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 2023.
The Support of MLIR HLS Adaptor for LLVM IR
G.-M. Liang, C.-Y. Yuan, M.-S. Yu, T.-L. Chen, K.-H. Chen, J.-K. Lee, in: Workshop Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Parallel Processing, ACM, 2023.
On the Equivalence of Maximum Reaction Time and Maximum Data Age for Cause-Effect Chains
M. Günzel, H. Teper, K.-H. Chen, G. von der Brüggen, J.-J. Chen, in: A.V. Papadopoulos (Ed.), 35th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2023), Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, Dagstuhl, Germany, 2023, p. 10:1–10:22.
2022
Memory Carousel: LLVM-Based Bitwise Wear Leveling for Nonvolatile Main Memory
N. Hölscher, C. Hakert, H. Nassar, K.-H. Chen, L. Bauer, J.-J. Chen, J. Henkel, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 42 (2022) 2527–2539.
Efficient Realization of Decision Trees for Real-Time Inference
K.-H. Chen, C. Su, C. Hakert, S. Buschjäger, C.-L. Lee, J.-K. Lee, K. Morik, J.-J. Chen, ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 21 (2022) 1–26.
ROLLED: Racetrack Memory Optimized Linear Layout and Efficient Decomposition of Decision Trees
C. Hakert, A.A. Khan, K.-H. Chen, F. Hameed, J. Castrillon, J.-J. Chen, IEEE Transactions on Computers 72 (2022) 1488–1502.
This is SPATEM! A Spatial-Temporal Optimization Framework for Efficient Inference on ReRAM-based CNN Accelerator
Y.-T. Tsou, K.-H. Chen, C.-L. Yang, H.-Y. Cheng, J.-J. Chen, D.-Y. Tsai, in: 2022 27th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC), IEEE, 2022.
Critical Instant for Probabilistic Timing Guarantees: Refuted and Revisited
K.-H. Chen, M. Gunzel, G. von der Bruggen, J.-J. Chen, in: 2022 IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS), IEEE, 2022.
EDF-Like Scheduling for Self-Suspending Real-Time Tasks
M. Gunzel, G. von der Bruggen, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, in: 2022 IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS), IEEE, 2022.
7 Memory Awareness
H. Kotthaus, P. Marwedel, M. Yayla, S. Buschjäger, H. Amrouch, K.-H. Chen, in: Fundamentals, De Gruyter, 2022.
8 Communication Awareness
K.-H. Chen, J. Shi, H. Funke, J. Teubner, in: Fundamentals, De Gruyter, 2022.
Software-Managed Read and Write Wear-Leveling for Non-Volatile Main Memory
C. Hakert, K.-H. Chen, H. Schirmeier, L. Bauer, P.R. Genssler, G. von der Brüggen, H. Amrouch, J. Henkel, J.-J. Chen, ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 21 (2022) 1–24.
Formal Verification of Resource Synchronization Protocol Implementations: A Case Study in RTEMS
J. Shi, C.-C. von Egidy, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 41 (2022) 4157–4168.
Renovation of EdgeCloudSim: An Efficient Discrete-Event Approach
R. Freymann, J. Shi, J.-J. Chen, K.-H. Chen, in: 2021 Sixth International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC), IEEE, 2022.
Unikernel-Based Real-Time Virtualization Under Deferrable Servers: Analysis and Realization
K.-H. Chen, M. Günzel, B. Jablkowski, M. Buschhoff, J.-J. Chen, in: M. Maggio (Ed.), 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022), Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, Dagstuhl, Germany, 2022, p. 6:1–6:22.
LLVMTA: An LLVM-Based WCET Analysis Tool
S. Hahn, M. Jacobs, N. Hölscher, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, J. Reineke, in: C. Ballabriga (Ed.), 20th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET 2022), Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, Dagstuhl, Germany, 2022, p. 2:1–2:17.
2021
FeFET-Based Binarized Neural Networks Under Temperature-Dependent Bit Errors
M. Yayla, S. Buschjager, A. Gupta, J.-J. Chen, J. Henkel, K. Morik, K.-H. Chen, H. Amrouch, IEEE Transactions on Computers 71 (2021) 1681–1695.
Timing Analysis of Asynchronized Distributed Cause-Effect Chains
M. Gunzel, K.-H. Chen, N. Ueter, G. von der Bruggen, M. Durr, J.-J. Chen, in: 2021 IEEE 27th Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS), IEEE, 2021.
OCTO+: Optimized Checkpointing of B+ Trees for Non-Volatile Main Memory Wear-Leveling
C. Hakert, R. Kuhn, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, J. Teubner, in: 2021 IEEE 10th Non-Volatile Memory Systems and Applications Symposium (NVMSA), IEEE, 2021.
Efficiently Approximating the Worst-Case Deadline Failure Probability Under EDF
G. von der Brüggen, N. Piatkowski, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, K. Morik, B.B. Brandenburg, in: 2021 IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS), IEEE, 2021.
MODES: model-based optimization on distributed embedded systems
J. Shi, J. Bian, J. Richter, K.-H. Chen, J. Rahnenführer, H. Xiong, J.-J. Chen, Machine Learning 110 (2021) 1527–1547.
Future Computing Platform Design: A Cross-Layer Design Approach
H.-Y. Cheng, C.-F. wu, C. Hakert, K.-H. Chen, Y.-H. Chang, J.-J. Chen, C.-L. Yang, T.-W. Kuo, in: 2021 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), IEEE, 2021.
FeFET and NCFET for Future Neural Networks: Visions and Opportunities
M. Yayla, K.-H. Chen, G. Zervakis, J. Henkel, J.-J. Chen, H. Amrouch, in: 2021 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), IEEE, 2021.
BLOwing Trees to the Ground: Layout Optimization of Decision Trees on Racetrack Memory
C. Hakert, A.A. Khan, K.-H. Chen, F. Hameed, J. Castrillon, J.-J. Chen, in: 2021 58th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC), IEEE, 2021.
HEART: H ybrid Memory and E nergy- A ware R eal- T ime Scheduling for Multi-Processor Systems
M. Günzel, C. Hakert, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 20 (2021) 1–23.
Margin-Maximization in Binarized Neural Networks for Optimizing Bit Error Tolerance
S. Buschjager, J.-J. Chen, K.-H. Chen, M. Gunzel, C. Hakert, K. Morik, R. Novkin, L. Pfahler, M. Yayla, in: 2021 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), IEEE, 2021.
2020
Demo Abstract: Perception vs. Reality - Never Believe in What You See
Y. Huang, F.-J. Wu, C. Hakert, G. von der Bruggen, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, P. Bocker, P. Chernikov, L. Cruz, Z. Duan, A. Gheith, Y. Gong, A. Gopalan, K. Prakash, A. Tauqir, Y. Wang, in: 2020 19th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN), IEEE, 2020.
Project-Based CPS Education: A Case Study of an Autonomous Driving Student Project
N. Ueter, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, IEEE Design & Test 37 (2020) 39–46.
Software-Based Memory Analysis Environments for In-Memory Wear-Leveling
C. Hakert, K.-H. Chen, M. Yayla, G. von der Bruggen, S. Blomeke, J.-J. Chen, in: 2020 25th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC), IEEE, 2020.
Can Wear-Aware Memory Allocation be Intelligent?
C. Hakert, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, in: Proceedings of the 2020 ACM/IEEE Workshop on Machine Learning for CAD, ACM, 2020.
NS-FTL: Alleviating the Uneven Bit-Level Wearing of NVRAM-based FTL via NAND-SPIN
W.-C. Cheng, S.-H. Chen, Y.-H. Chang, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, T.-Y. Chen, M.-C. Yang, W.-K. Shih, in: 2020 9th Non-Volatile Memory Systems and Applications Symposium (NVMSA), IEEE, 2020.
Using a Set of Triangle Inequalities to Accelerate K-means Clustering
Q. Yu, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, in: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2020.
Split'n Trace NVM: Leveraging Library OSes for Semantic Memory Tracing
C. Hakert, K.-H. Chen, S. Kuenzer, S. Santhanam, S.-H. Chen, Y.-H. Chang, F. Huici, J.-J. Chen, in: 2020 9th Non-Volatile Memory Systems and Applications Symposium (NVMSA), IEEE, 2020.
2019
Schedulability Analysis and Priority Assignment for Segmented Self-Suspending Tasks
L. Schonberger, W.-H. Huang, G. Von Der Bruggen, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, in: 2018 IEEE 24th International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA), IEEE, 2019.
Analysis of Deadline Miss Rates for Uniprocessor Fixed-Priority Scheduling
K.-H. Chen, G. Von Der Bruggen, J.-J. Chen, in: 2018 IEEE 24th International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA), IEEE, 2019.
Nanoparticle Classification Using Frequency Domain Analysis on Resource-Limited Platforms
M. Yayla, A. Toma, K.-H. Chen, J.E. Lenssen, V. Shpacovitch, R. Hergenröder, F. Weichert, J.-J. Chen, Sensors 19 (2019).
End-to-End Timing Analysis of Sporadic Cause-Effect Chains in Distributed Systems
M. Dürr, G.V.D. Brüggen, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 18 (2019) 1–24.
Resource-Efficient Nanoparticle Classification Using Frequency Domain Analysis
M. Yayla, A. Toma, J.E. Lenssen, V. Shpacovitch, K.-H. Chen, F. Weichert, J.-J. Chen, in: Informatik aktuell, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, 2019.
Efficient Computation of Deadline-Miss Probability and Potential Pitfalls
K.-H. Chen, N. Ueter, G. von der Bruggen, J.-J. Chen, in: 2019 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), IEEE, 2019.
2018
Shared-Resource-Centric Limited Preemptive Scheduling: A Comprehensive Study of Suspension-Based Partitioning Approaches
Z. Dong, C. Liu, S. Bateni, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, G. von der Bruggen, J. Shi, in: 2018 IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS), IEEE, 2018.
Realization of Random Forest for Real-Time Evaluation through Tree Framing
S. Buschjager, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, K. Morik, in: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM), IEEE, 2018.
Efficiently Approximating the Probability of Deadline Misses in Real-Time Systems
G. von der Brüggen, N. Piatkowski, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, K. Morik, in: S. Altmeyer (Ed.), 30th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2018), Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, Dagstuhl, Germany, 2018, p. 6:1–6:22.
Fault Tolerance on Control Applications: Empirical Investigations of Impacts from Incorrect Calculations
M. Yayla, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, in: 2018 4th International Workshop on Emerging Ideas and Trends in the Engineering of Cyber-Physical Systems (EITEC), IEEE, 2018.
2017
Reliability Optimization on Multi-Core Systems with Multi-Tasking and Redundant Multi-Threading
K.-H. Chen, G. von der Bruggen, J.-J. Chen, IEEE Transactions on Computers 67 (2017) 484–497.
Probabilistic schedulability tests for uniprocessor fixed-priority scheduling under soft errors
K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, in: 2017 12th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES), IEEE, 2017.
Systems with Dynamic Real-Time Guarantees in Uncertain and Faulty Execution Environments
G. Von Der Bruggen, K.-H. Chen, W.-H. Huang, J.-J. Chen, in: 2016 IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS), IEEE, 2017.
2016
Task Mapping for Redundant Multithreading in Multi-Cores with Reliability and Performance Heterogeneity
K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, F. Kriebel, S. Rehman, M. Shafique, J. Henkel, IEEE Transactions on Computers 65 (2016) 3441–3455.
Compensate or ignore? meeting control robustness requirements through adaptive soft-error handling
K.-H. Chen, B. Bönninghoff, J.-J. Chen, P. Marwedel, in: Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED Conference on Languages, Compilers, Tools, and Theory for Embedded Systems, ACM, 2016.
2015
Cross-Layer Software Dependability on Unreliable Hardware
S. Rehman, K.-H. Chen, F. Kriebel, A. Toma, M. Shafique, J.-J. Chen, J. Henkel, IEEE Transactions on Computers 65 (2015) 80–94.
Multi-layer software reliability for unreliable hardware
M. Shafique, P. Axer, C. Borchert, J.-J. Chen, K.-H. Chen, B. Döbel, R. Ernst, H. Härtig, A. Heinig, R. Kapitza, F. Kriebel, D. Lohmann, P. Marwedel, S. Rehman, F. Schmoll, O. Spinczyk, It - Information Technology 57 (2015) 170–180.
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