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## Publikationen der Fachgruppe

Liste im Research Information System öffnen

## 2022

Aufarbeitung und lmplementierung von DAG-Rider

S. Korzeczek, Bachelorarbeit, 2022

Hybrid Routing in Three Dimensions

M. Nachtigall, Masterarbeit, 2022

Coordinating Amoebots via Reconfigurable Circuits

M. Feldmann, A. Padalkin, C. Scheideler, S. Dolev, J. Comput. Biol. (2022), 29(4), pp. 317–343

The Structural Power of Reconfigurable Circuits in the Amoebot Model

A. Padalkin, C. Scheideler, D. Warner, in: 28th International Conference on DNA Computing and Molecular Programming (DNA 28), Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2022, pp. 8:1–8:22

Fault-Tolerant Shape Formation in the Amoebot Model

I. Kostitsyna, C. Scheideler, D. Warner, in: 28th International Conference on DNA Computing and Molecular Programming (DNA 28), Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2022, pp. 9:1–9:22

Local Mutual Exclusion for Dynamic, Anonymous, Bounded Memory Message Passing Systems

J.J. Daymude, A.W. Richa, C. Scheideler, in: 1st Symposium on Algorithmic Foundations of Dynamic Networks, SAND 2022, March 28-30, 2022, Virtual Conference, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2022, pp. 12:1–12:19

Brief Announcement: The (Limited) Power of Multiple Identities: Asynchronous Byzantine Reliable Broadcast with Improved Resilience through Collusion

T. Götte, C. Scheideler, in: SPAA ’22: 34th ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures, Philadelphia, PA, USA, July 11 - 14, 2022, ACM, 2022, pp. 99–101

Brief Announcement: Fault-Tolerant Shape Formation in the Amoebot Model

I. Kostitsyna, C. Scheideler, D. Warner, in: 1st Symposium on Algorithmic Foundations of Dynamic Networks (SAND 2022), Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2022, pp. 23:1–23:3

2022 Edsger W. Dijkstra Prize in Distributed Computing

M. Aguiliera, A.W. Richa, A.A. Schwarzmann, A. Panconesi, C. Scheideler, P. Woelfel, in: PODC ’22: ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing, Salerno, Italy, July 25 - 29, 2022, ACM, 2022, pp. 1

36th International Symposium on Distributed Computing, DISC 2022, October 25-27, 2022, Augusta, Georgia, USA

C. Scheideler, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2022

## 2021

Exploration and Convex Hull Construction in the Three-Dimensional Hybrid Model

D.J. Liedtke, Masterarbeit, 2021

Motivated by the prospect of computing agents that explore unknown environments and construct convex hulls on the nanoscale, we investigate the capabilities and limitations of a single deterministic finite automaton robot in the three-dimensional hybrid model for programmable matter. In this model, active robots move on a set of passive tiles, called configuration, with the geometric shape of rhombic dodecahedra on the adjacency graph of the face-centered cubic sphere-packing. We show that the exploration problem is equally hard in the hybrid model and in three-dimensional mazes, in which tiles have the shape of cubes and are positioned at the vertices of $\mathbb{Z}^3$. Thereby, a single robot with a constant number of pebbles cannot solve this problem in the hybrid model on arbitrary configurations. We provide algorithms for a robot with two pebbles that solve the exploration problem in the subclass of compact configurations of size $n$ in $\O(n^3)$ rounds. Further, we investigate the robot's capabilities of detection and hull construction in terms of restricted orientation convexity. We show that a robot without any pebble can detect strong $\O$-convexity in $\O(n)$ rounds, but cannot detect weak $\O$-convexity, not even if provided with a single pebble. Assuming that a robot can construct tiles from scratch and deconstruct previously constructed tiles, we show that the strong $\O$-hull of any given configuration of size $n$ can be constructed in $\O(n^4)$ rounds, even if the robot cannot distinguish constructed from native tiles.

Coordinating Amoebots via Reconfigurable Circuits

M. Feldmann, A. Padalkin, C. Scheideler, S. Dolev, in: Stabilization, Safety, and Security of Distributed Systems - 23rd International Symposium, (SSS) 2021, Virtual Event, November 17-20, 2021, Proceedings, Springer, 2021, pp. 484-488

Peer-to-Peer Matching for Distributed Systems

A self-stabilizing Hashed Patricia Trie

T. Knollmann, C. Scheideler, Information and Computation (2021), 104697

While many research in distributed computing has covered solutions for self-stabilizing computing and topologies, there is far less work on self-stabilization for distributed data structures. However, when peers in peer-to-peer networks crash, a distributed data structure may not remain intact. We present a self-stabilizing protocol for a distributed data structure called the Hashed Patricia Trie (Kniesburges and Scheideler WALCOM'11) that enables efficient prefix search on a set of keys. The data structure has many applications while offering low overhead and efficient operations when embedded on top of a Distributed Hash Table. Especially, longest prefix matching for x can be done in O(log |x|) hash table read accesses. We show how to maintain the structure in a self-stabilizing way, while assuring a low overhead in a legal state and an asymptotically optimal memory demand of O(d) bits, where d is the number of bits needed for storing all keys.

Algorithms for Distributed Data Structures and Self-Stabilizing Overlay Networks

M. Feldmann, 2021

This thesis considers the realization of distributed data structures and the construction of distributed protocols for self-stabilizing overlay networks. In the first part of this thesis, we provide distributed protocols for queues, stacks and priority queues that serve the insertion and deletion of elements within a logarithmic amount of rounds. Our protocols respect semantic constraints such as sequential consistency or serializability and the individual semantic constraints given by the type (queue, stack, priority queue) of the data structure. We furthermore provide a protocol that handles joining and leaving nodes. As an important side product, we present a novel protocol solving the distributed $k$-selection problem in a logarithmic amount of rounds, that is, to find the $k$-smallest elements among a polynomial number of elements spread among $n$ nodes. The second part of this thesis is devoted to the construction of protocols for self-stabilizing overlay networks, i.e., distributed protocols that transform an overlay network from any initial (potentially illegitimate) state into a legitimate state in finite time. We present protocols for self-stabilizing generalized De Bruijn graphs, self-stabilizing quadtrees and self-stabilizing supervised skip rings. Each of those protocols comes with unique properties that makes it interesting for certain distributed applications. Generalized De Bruijn networks provide routing within a constant amount of hops, thus serving the interest in networks that require a low latency for requests. The protocol for the quadtree guarantees monotonic searchability as well as a geometric variant of monotonic searchability, making it interesting for wireless networks or applications needed in the area of computational geometry. The supervised skip ring can be used to construct a self-stabilizing publish-subscribe system.

Near-Shortest Path Routing in Hybrid Communication Networks

S. Coy, A. Czumaj, M. Feldmann, K. Hinnenthal, F. Kuhn, C. Scheideler, P. Schneider, M. Struijs, in: 25th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems, OPODIS 2021, December 13-15, 2021, Strasbourg, France, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2021, pp. 11:1–11:23

## 2020

Plurality Consensus in Hybrid Networks

P.K. Yeole, Masterarbeit, 2020

Fast Hybrid Network Algorithms for Shortest Paths in Sparse Graphs

M. Feldmann, K. Hinnenthal, C. Scheideler, in: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems (OPODIS), Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2020

We consider the problem of computing shortest paths in \emph{hybrid networks}, in which nodes can make use of different communication modes. For example, mobile phones may use ad-hoc connections via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi in addition to the cellular network to solve tasks more efficiently. Like in this case, the different communication modes may differ considerably in range, bandwidth, and flexibility. We build upon the model of Augustine et al. [SODA '20], which captures these differences by a \emph{local} and a \emph{global} mode. Specifically, the local edges model a fixed communication network in which $O(1)$ messages of size $O(\log n)$ can be sent over every edge in each synchronous round. The global edges form a clique, but nodes are only allowed to send and receive a total of at most $O(\log n)$ messages over global edges, which restricts the nodes to use these edges only very sparsely. We demonstrate the power of hybrid networks by presenting algorithms to compute Single-Source Shortest Paths and the diameter very efficiently in \emph{sparse graphs}. Specifically, we present exact $O(\log n)$ time algorithms for cactus graphs (i.e., graphs in which each edge is contained in at most one cycle), and $3$-approximations for graphs that have at most $n + O(n^{1/3})$ edges and arboricity $O(\log n)$. For these graph classes, our algorithms provide exponentially faster solutions than the best known algorithms for general graphs in this model. Beyond shortest paths, we also provide a variety of useful tools and techniques for hybrid networks, which may be of independent interest.

Algorithmen für selbststabilisierende Skip+-Delaunaygraphen

A. Guggenmos, Bachelorarbeit, Universität Paderborn, 2020

Survey on Algorithms for Self-Stabilizing Overlay Networks

M. Feldmann, C. Scheideler, S. Schmid, ACM Computing Surveys (2020)

The maintenance of efficient and robust overlay networks is one of the most fundamental and reoccurring themes in networking. This paper presents a survey of state-of-the-art algorithms to design and repair overlay networks in a distributed manner. In particular, we discuss basic algorithmic primitives to preserve connectivity, review algorithms for the fundamental problem of graph linearization, and then survey self-stabilizing algorithms for metric and scalable topologies. We also identify open problems and avenues for future research.

Time- and Space-Optimal Discrete Clock Synchronization in the Beeping Model

M. Feldmann, A. Khazraei, C. Scheideler, in: Proceedings of the 32nd ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures (SPAA), ACM, 2020

We consider the clock synchronization problem in the (discrete) beeping model: Given a network of $n$ nodes with each node having a clock value $\delta(v) \in \{0,\ldots T-1\}$, the goal is to synchronize the clock values of all nodes such that they have the same value in any round. As is standard in clock synchronization, we assume \emph{arbitrary activations} for all nodes, i.e., the nodes start their protocol at an arbitrary round (not limited to $\{0,\ldots,T-1\}$). We give an asymptotically optimal algorithm that runs in $4D + \Bigl\lfloor \frac{D}{\lfloor T/4 \rfloor} \Bigr \rfloor \cdot (T \mod 4) = O(D)$ rounds, where $D$ is the diameter of the network. Once all nodes are in sync, they beep at the same round every $T$ rounds. The algorithm drastically improves on the $O(T D)$-bound of \cite{firefly_sync} (where $T$ is required to be at least $4n$, so the bound is no better than $O(nD)$). Our algorithm is very simple as nodes only have to maintain $3$ bits in addition to the $\lceil \log T \rceil$ bits needed to maintain the clock. Furthermore we investigate the complexity of \emph{self-stabilizing} solutions for the clock synchronization problem: We first show lower bounds of $\Omega(\max\{T,n\})$ rounds on the runtime and $\Omega(\log(\max\{T,n\}))$ bits of memory required for any such protocol. Afterwards we present a protocol that runs in $O(\max\{T,n\})$ rounds using at most $O(\log(\max\{T,n\}))$ bits at each node, which is asymptotically optimal with regards to both, runtime and memory requirements.

On the complexity of local transformations in SDN overlays

D. Warner, Masterarbeit, Universität Paderborn, 2020

A Bounding Box Overlay for Competitive Routing in Hybrid Communication Networks

J. Castenow, C. Kolb, C. Scheideler, in: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking (ICDCN), ACM, 2020

## 2019

Skeap & Seap: Scalable Distributed Priority Queues for Constant and Arbitrary Priorities

M. Feldmann, C. Scheideler, in: Proceedings of the 31st ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures (SPAA), ACM, 2019, pp. 287--296

We propose two protocols for distributed priority queues (denoted by 'heap' for simplicity in this paper) called SKEAP and SEAP. SKEAP realizes a distributed heap for a constant amount of priorities and SEAP one for an arbitrary amount. Both protocols build on an overlay, which induces an aggregation tree on which heap operations are aggregated in batches, ensuring that our protocols scale even for a high rate of incoming requests. As part of SEAP we provide a novel distributed protocol for the k-selection problem that runs in time O(log n) w.h.p. SKEAP guarantees sequential consistency for its heap operations, while SEAP guarantees serializability. SKEAP and SEAP provide logarithmic runtimes w.h.p. on all their operations. SKEAP and SEAP provide logarithmic runtimes w.h.p. on all their operations with SEAP having to use only O(log n) bit messages.

Distributed Computation in Node-Capacitated Networks

J. Augustine, M. Ghaffari, R. Gmyr, K. Hinnenthal, F. Kuhn, J. Li, C. Scheideler, in: Proceedings of the 31st ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures, ACM, 2019, pp. 69--79

Always be Two Steps Ahead of Your Enemy - Maintaining a Routable Overlay under Massive Churn with an Almost Up-to-date Adversary

T. Götte, V.R. Vijayalakshmi, C. Scheideler, in: Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 33rd International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS '19), IEEE, 2019

We investigate the maintenance of overlay networks under massive churn, i.e. nodes joining and leaving the network. We assume an adversary that may churn a constant fraction $\alpha n$ of nodes over the course of $\mathcal{O}(\log n)$ rounds. In particular, the adversary has an almost up-to-date information of the network topology as it can observe an only slightly outdated topology that is at least $2$ rounds old. Other than that, we only have the provably minimal restriction that new nodes can only join the network via nodes that have taken part in the network for at least one round. Our contributions are as follows: First, we show that it is impossible to maintain a connected topology if adversary has up-to-date information about the nodes' connections. Further, we show that our restriction concerning the join is also necessary. As our main result present an algorithm that constructs a new overlay- completely independent of all previous overlays - every $2$ rounds. Furthermore, each node sends and receives only $\mathcal{O}(\log^3 n)$ messages each round. As part of our solution we propose the Linearized DeBruijn Swarm (LDS), a highly churn resistant overlay, which will be maintained by the algorithm. However, our approaches can be transferred to a variety of classical P2P Topologies where nodes are mapped into the $[0,1)$-interval.

On the Complexity of Local Graph Transformations

C. Scheideler, A. Setzer, in: Proceedings of the 46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming, Dagstuhl Publishing, 2019, pp. 150:1--150:14

We consider the problem of transforming a given graph G_s into a desired graph G_t by applying a minimum number of primitives from a particular set of local graph transformation primitives. These primitives are local in the sense that each node can apply them based on local knowledge and by affecting only its 1-neighborhood. Although the specific set of primitives we consider makes it possible to transform any (weakly) connected graph into any other (weakly) connected graph consisting of the same nodes, they cannot disconnect the graph or introduce new nodes into the graph, making them ideal in the context of supervised overlay network transformations. We prove that computing a minimum sequence of primitive applications (even centralized) for arbitrary G_s and G_t is NP-hard, which we conjecture to hold for any set of local graph transformation primitives satisfying the aforementioned properties. On the other hand, we show that this problem admits a polynomial time algorithm with a constant approximation ratio.

Self-Stabilizing Metric Graphs

R. Gmyr, J. Lefevre, C. Scheideler, Theory Comput. Syst. (2019), 63(2), pp. 177-199

A Bounding Box Overlay for Competitive Routing in Hybrid Communication Networks

J. Castenow, C. Kolb, C. Scheideler, in: Proceedings of the 26th International Colloquium on Structural Information and Communication Complexity (SIROCCO), 2019, pp. 345-348

A Loosely Self-stabilizing Protocol for Randomized Congestion Control with Logarithmic Memory

M. Feldmann, T. Götte, C. Scheideler, in: Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Stabilization, Safety, and Security of Distributed Systems (SSS), Springer, Cham, 2019, pp. 149-164

We consider congestion control in peer-to-peer distributed systems. The problem can be reduced to the following scenario: Consider a set $V$ of $n$ peers (called \emph{clients} in this paper) that want to send messages to a fixed common peer (called \emph{server} in this paper). We assume that each client $v \in V$ sends a message with probability $p(v) \in [0,1)$ and the server has a capacity of $\sigma \in \mathbb{N}$, i.e., it can recieve at most $\sigma$ messages per round and excess messages are dropped. The server can modify these probabilities when clients send messages. Ideally, we wish to converge to a state with $\sum p(v) = \sigma$ and $p(v) = p(w)$ for all $v,w \in V$. We propose a \emph{loosely} self-stabilizing protocol with a slightly relaxed legitimate state. Our protocol lets the system converge from \emph{any} initial state to a state where $\sum p(v) \in \left[\sigma \pm \epsilon\right]$ and $|p(v)-p(w)| \in O(\frac{1}{n})$. This property is then maintained for $\Omega(n^{\mathfrak{c}})$ rounds in expectation. In particular, the initial client probabilities and server variables are not necessarily well-defined, i.e., they may have arbitrary values. Our protocol uses only $O(W + \log n)$ bits of memory where $W$ is length of node identifiers, making it very lightweight. Finally we state a lower bound on the convergence time an see that our protocol performs asymptotically optimal (up to some polylogarithmic factor).

Fast Distributed Algorithms for LP-Type Problems of Low Dimension

K. Hinnenthal, C. Scheideler, M. Struijs, in: 33rd International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2019), 2019

## 2018

Breaking the $\tilde\Omega(\sqrt{n})$ Barrier: Fast Consensus under a Late Adversary

P. Robinson, C. Scheideler, A. Setzer, in: Proceedings of the 30th ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures (SPAA), 2018

We study the consensus problem in a synchronous distributed system of n nodes under an adaptive adversary that has a slightly outdated view of the system and can block all incoming and outgoing communication of a constant fraction of the nodes in each round. Motivated by a result of Ben-Or and Bar-Joseph (1998), showing that any consensus algorithm that is resilient against a linear number of crash faults requires $\tilde \Omega(\sqrt n)$ rounds in an n-node network against an adaptive adversary, we consider a late adaptive adversary, who has full knowledge of the network state at the beginning of the previous round and unlimited computational power, but is oblivious to the current state of the nodes. Our main contributions are randomized distributed algorithms that achieve consensus with high probability among all except a small constant fraction of the nodes (i.e., "almost-everywhere'') against a late adaptive adversary who can block up to ε n$nodes in each round, for a small constant ε >0$. Our first protocol achieves binary almost-everywhere consensus and also guarantees a decision on the majority input value, thus ensuring plurality consensus. We also present an algorithm that achieves the same time complexity for multi-value consensus. Both of our algorithms succeed in $O(log n)$ rounds with high probability, thus showing an exponential gap to the $\tilde\Omega(\sqrt n)$ lower bound of Ben-Or and Bar-Joseph for strongly adaptive crash-failure adversaries, which can be strengthened to $\Omega(n)$ when allowing the adversary to block nodes instead of permanently crashing them. Our algorithms are scalable to large systems as each node contacts only an (amortized) constant number of peers in each communication round. We show that our algorithms are optimal up to constant (resp.\ sub-logarithmic) factors by proving that every almost-everywhere consensus protocol takes $\Omega(log_d n)$ rounds in the worst case, where d is an upper bound on the number of communication requests initiated per node in each round. We complement our theoretical results with an experimental evaluation of the binary almost-everywhere consensus protocol revealing a short convergence time even against an adversary blocking a large fraction of nodes.

Self-Stabilizing Supervised Publish-Subscribe Systems

M. Feldmann, C. Kolb, C. Scheideler, T.F. Strothmann, in: Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS), IEEE, 2018

In this paper we present two major results: First, we introduce the first self-stabilizing version of a supervised overlay network (as introduced in~\cite{DBLP:conf/ispan/KothapalliS05}) by presenting a self-stabilizing supervised skip ring. Secondly, we show how to use the self-stabilizing supervised skip ring to construct an efficient self-stabilizing publish-subscribe system. That is, in addition to stabilizing the overlay network, every subscriber of a topic will eventually know all of the publications that have been issued so far for that topic. The communication work needed to processes a subscribe or unsubscribe operation is just a constant in a legitimate state, and the communication work of checking whether the system is still in a legitimate state is just a constant on expectation for the supervisor as well as any process in the system.

Skueue: A Scalable and Sequentially Consistent Distributed Queue

M. Feldmann, C. Scheideler, A. Setzer, in: Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS), IEEE, 2018

We propose a distributed protocol for a queue, called Skueue, which spreads its data fairly onto multiple processes, avoiding bottlenecks in high throughput scenarios. Skueuecan be used in highly dynamic environments, through the addition of join and leave requests to the standard queue operations enqueue and dequeue. Furthermore Skueue satisfies sequential consistency in the asynchronous message passing model. Scalability is achieved by aggregating multiple requests to a batch, which can then be processed in a distributed fashion without hurting the queue semantics. Operations in Skueue need a logarithmic number of rounds w.h.p. until they are processed, even under a high rate of incoming requests.

On the runtime of universal coating for programmable matter

J. J. Daymude, Z. Derakhshandeh, R. Gmyr, A. Porter, A. W. Richa, C. Scheideler, T.F. Strothmann, Natural Computing (2018)(1), pp. 81--96

R. Wulfes, Bachelorarbeit, Universität Paderborn, 2018

Forming Tile Shapes with Simple Robots

R. Gmyr, K. Hinnenthal, I. Kostitsyna, F. Kuhn, D. Rudolph, C. Scheideler, T.F. Strothmann, in: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on DNA Computing and Molecular Programming, Springer International Publishing, 2018, pp. 122-138

Provably Anonymous Communication Based on Trusted Execution Environments

J. Blömer, J. Bobolz, C. Scheideler, A. Setzer, 2018

In this paper, we investigate the use of trusted execution environments (TEEs, such as Intel's SGX) for an anonymous communication infrastructure over untrusted networks. For this, we present the general idea of exploiting trusted execution environments for the purpose of anonymous communication, including a continuous-time security framework that models strong anonymity guarantees in the presence of an adversary that observes all network traffic and can adaptively corrupt a constant fraction of participating nodes. In our framework, a participating node can generate a number of unlinkable pseudonyms. Messages are sent from and to pseudonyms, allowing both senders and receivers of messages to remain anonymous. We introduce a concrete construction, which shows viability of our TEE-based approach to anonymous communication. The construction draws from techniques from cryptography and overlay networks. Our techniques are very general and can be used as a basis for future constructions with similar goals.

Preface

C. Scheideler, Theor. Comput. Sci. (2018), 751, pp. 1

Relays: Towards a Link Layer for Robust and Secure Fog Computing

C. Scheideler, in: Proceedings of the 2018 Workshop on Theory and Practice for Integrated Cloud, Fog and Edge Computing Paradigms, TOPIC@PODC 2018, Egham, United Kingdom, July 27, 2018, 2018, pp. 1-2

Shape Recognition by a Finite Automaton Robot

R. Gmyr, K. Hinnenthal, I. Kostitsyna, F. Kuhn, D. Rudolph, C. Scheideler, in: 43rd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science, MFCS 2018, August 27-31, 2018, Liverpool, UK, 2018, pp. 52:1-52:15

A Self-Stabilizing Hashed Patricia Trie

T. Knollmann, C. Scheideler, in: Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Stabilization, Safety, and Security of Distributed Systems (SSS), Springer, Cham, 2018

While a lot of research in distributed computing has covered solutions for self-stabilizing computing and topologies, there is far less work on self-stabilization for distributed data structures. Considering crashing peers in peer-to-peer networks, it should not be taken for granted that a distributed data structure remains intact. In this work, we present a self-stabilizing protocol for a distributed data structure called the hashed Patricia Trie (Kniesburges and Scheideler WALCOM'11) that enables efficient prefix search on a set of keys. The data structure has a wide area of applications including string matching problems while offering low overhead and efficient operations when embedded on top of a distributed hash table. Especially, longest prefix matching for $x$ can be done in $\mathcal{O}(\log |x|)$ hash table read accesses. We show how to maintain the structure in a self-stabilizing way. Our protocol assures low overhead in a legal state and a total (asymptotically optimal) memory demand of $\Theta(d)$ bits, where $d$ is the number of bits needed for storing all keys.

Competitive Routing in Hybrid Communication Networks

D. Jung, C. Kolb, C. Scheideler, J. Sundermeier, in: Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Algorithms and Experiments for Wireless Networks (ALGOSENSORS) , Springer, 2018

Routing is a challenging problem for wireless ad hoc networks, especially when the nodes are mobile and spread so widely that in most cases multiple hops are needed to route a message from one node to another. In fact, it is known that any online routing protocol has a poor performance in the worst case, in a sense that there is a distribution of nodes resulting in bad routing paths for that protocol, even if the nodes know their geographic positions and the geographic position of the destination of a message is known. The reason for that is that radio holes in the ad hoc network may require messages to take long detours in order to get to a destination, which are hard to find in an online fashion. In this paper, we assume that the wireless ad hoc network can make limited use of long-range links provided by a global communication infrastructure like a cellular infrastructure or a satellite in order to compute an abstraction of the wireless ad hoc network that allows the messages to be sent along near-shortest paths in the ad hoc network. We present distributed algorithms that compute an abstraction of the ad hoc network in $\mathcal{O}\left(\log ^2 n\right)$ time using long-range links, which results in $c$-competitive routing paths between any two nodes of the ad hoc network for some constant $c$ if the convex hulls of the radio holes do not intersect. We also show that the storage needed for the abstraction just depends on the number and size of the radio holes in the wireless ad hoc network and is independent on the total number of nodes, and this information just has to be known to a few nodes for the routing to work.

Brief Announcement: Competitive Routing in Hybrid Communication Networks

D. Jung, C. Kolb, C. Scheideler, J. Sundermeier, in: Proceedings of the 30th on Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures (SPAA), ACM Press, 2018

Self-stabilizing Overlays for high-dimensional Monotonic Searchability

M. Feldmann, C. Kolb, C. Scheideler, in: Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Stabilization, Safety, and Security of Distributed Systems (SSS), Springer, Cham, 2018, pp. 16-31

We extend the concept of monotonic searchability~\cite{DBLP:conf/opodis/ScheidelerSS15}~\cite{DBLP:conf/wdag/ScheidelerSS16} for self-stabilizing systems from one to multiple dimensions. A system is self-stabilizing if it can recover to a legitimate state from any initial illegal state. These kind of systems are most often used in distributed applications. Monotonic searchability provides guarantees when searching for nodes while the recovery process is going on. More precisely, if a search request started at some node $u$ succeeds in reaching its destination $v$, then all future search requests from $u$ to $v$ succeed as well. Although there already exists a self-stabilizing protocol for a two-dimensional topology~\cite{DBLP:journals/tcs/JacobRSS12} and an universal approach for monotonic searchability~\cite{DBLP:conf/wdag/ScheidelerSS16}, it is not clear how both of these concepts fit together effectively. The latter concept even comes with some restrictive assumptions on messages, which is not the case for our protocol. We propose a simple novel protocol for a self-stabilizing two-dimensional quadtree that satisfies monotonic searchability. Our protocol can easily be extended to higher dimensions and offers routing in $\mathcal O(\log n)$ hops for any search request.

A Peer-to-Peer based Cloud Storage supporting orthogonal Range Queries of arbitrary Dimension

M. Benter, T. Knollmann, F. Meyer auf der Heide, A. Setzer, J. Sundermeier, in: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Algorithmic Aspects of Cloud Computing (ALGOCLOUD), 2018

We present a peer-to-peer network that supports the efficient processing of orthogonal range queries $R=\bigtimes_{i=1}^{d}[a_i,\,b_i]$ in a $d$-dimensional point space.\\ The network is the same for each dimension, namely a distance halving network like the one introduced by Naor and Wieder (ACM TALG'07). We show how to execute such range queries using $\mathcal{O}\left(2^{d'}d\,\log m + d\,|R|\right)$ hops (and the same number of messages) in total. Here $[m]^d$ is the ground set, $|R|$ is the size and $d'$ the dimension of the queried range. Furthermore, if the peers form a distributed network, the query can be answered in $\mathcal{O}\left(d\,\log m + d\,\sum_{i=1}^{d}(b_i-a_i+1)\right)$ communication rounds. Our algorithms are based on a mapping of the Hilbert Curve through $[m]^d$ to the peers.

Relays: A New Approach for the Finite Departure Problem in Overlay Networks

C. Scheideler, A. Setzer, in: Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Stabilization, Safety, and Security of Distributed Systems (SSS 2018), 2018

A fundamental problem for overlay networks is to safely exclude leaving nodes, i.e., the nodes requesting to leave the overlay network are excluded from it without affecting its connectivity. To rigorously study self-stabilizing solutions to this problem, the Finite Departure Problem (FDP) has been proposed [9]. In the FDP we are given a network of processes in an arbitrary state, and the goal is to eventually arrive at (and stay in) a state in which all leaving processes irrevocably decided to leave the system while for all weakly-connected components in the initial overlay network, all staying processes in that component will still form a weakly connected component. In the standard interconnection model, the FDP is known to be unsolvable by local control protocols, so oracles have been investigated that allow the problem to be solved [9]. To avoid the use of oracles, we introduce a new interconnection model based on relays. Despite the relay model appearing to be rather restrictive, we show that it is universal, i.e., it is possible to transform any weakly-connected topology into any other weakly-connected topology, which is important for being a useful interconnection model for overlay networks. Apart from this, our model allows processes to grant and revoke access rights, which is why we believe it to be of interest beyond the scope of this paper. We show how to implement the relay layer in a self-stabilizing way and identify properties protocols need to satisfy so that the relay layer can recover while serving protocol requests.

On Underlay-Aware Self-Stabilizing Overlay Networks

T. Götte, C. Scheideler, A. Setzer, in: Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Stabilization, Safety, and Security of Distributed Systems (SSS 2018), Springer, 2018, pp. 50-64

We present a self-stabilizing protocol for an overlay network that constructs the Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) for an underlay that is modeled by a weighted tree. The weight of an overlay edge between two nodes is the weighted length of their shortest path in the tree. We rigorously prove that our protocol works correctly under asynchronous and non-FIFO message delivery. Further, the protocol stabilizes after O(N^2) asynchronous rounds where N is the number of nodes in the overlay.

## 2017

A. Ogierman, A. Richa, C. Scheideler, S. Schmid, J. Zhang, Distributed Computing (2017), 31(3), pp. 241-254

This paper considers the problem of how to efficiently share a wireless medium which is subject to harsh external interference or even jamming. So far, this problem is understood only in simplistic single-hop or unit disk graph models. We in this paper initiate the study of MAC protocols for the SINR interference model (a.k.a. physical model). This paper makes two contributions. First, we introduce a new adversarial SINR model which captures a wide range of interference phenomena. Concretely, we consider a powerful, adaptive adversary which can jam nodes at arbitrary times and which is only limited by some energy budget. Our second contribution is a distributed MAC protocol called Sade which provably achieves a constant competitive throughput in this environment: we show that, with high probability, the protocol ensures that a constant fraction of the non-blocked time periods is used for successful transmissions.

Untersuchungen zum Cone-Hashing

M.. Burkhardt, Bachelorarbeit, Universität Paderborn, 2017

An Asynchronous Adaption of a Churn-resistant Overlay Network

N.C. Banh, Bachelorarbeit, Universität Paderborn, 2017

Monotone Suchbarkeit in mehrdimensionalen verteilten Datenstrukturen

A. Schenk, Bachelorarbeit, Universität Paderborn, 2017

Visualisierung zu Algorithmen verteilter Netzwerksysteme

B. Beckendorf, Bachelorarbeit, Universität Paderborn, 2017

Towards a universal approach for the finite departure problem in overlay networks

A. Koutsopoulos, C. Scheideler, T.F. Strothmann, Inf. Comput. (2017), pp. 408--424

Algorithmic Foundations of Programmable Matter Dagstuhl Seminar 16271

S. P. Fekete, A. W. Richa, K. Römer, C. Scheideler, SIGACT News (2017)(2), pp. 87--94

Universal coating for programmable matter

Z. Derakhshandeh, R. Gmyr, A. W. Richa, C. Scheideler, T.F. Strothmann, Theor. Comput. Sci. (2017), pp. 56--68

Improved Leader Election for Self-organizing Programmable Matter

J. J. Daymude, R. Gmyr, A. W. Richa, C. Scheideler, T.F. Strothmann, in: Algorithms for Sensor Systems - 13th International Symposium on Algorithms and Experiments for Wireless Sensor Networks, ALGOSENSORS 2017, Vienna, Austria, September 7-8, 2017, Revised Selected Papers, 2017, pp. 127--140

Self-* Algorithms for Distributed Systems

A Self-Stabilizing Protocol for Graphs of Diameter Two

T. Knollmann, Masterarbeit, Universität Paderborn, 2017

Self-Stabilizing Spanners for Tree Metrics

T. Götte, Masterarbeit, Universität Paderborn, 2017

Distributed Monitoring of Network Properties: The Power of Hybrid Networks

R. Gmyr, K. Hinnenthal, C. Scheideler, C. Sohler, in: Proceedings of the 44th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP), 2017, pp. 137:1--137:15

We initiate the study of network monitoring algorithms in a class of hybrid networks in which the nodes are connected by an external network and an internal network (as a short form for externally and internally controlled network). While the external network lies outside of the control of the nodes (or in our case, the monitoring protocol running in them) and might be exposed to continuous changes, the internal network is fully under the control of the nodes. As an example, consider a group of users with mobile devices having access to the cell phone infrastructure. While the network formed by the WiFi connections of the devices is an external network (as its structure is not necessarily under the control of the monitoring protocol), the connections between the devices via the cell phone infrastructure represent an internal network (as it can be controlled by the monitoring protocol). Our goal is to continuously monitor properties of the external network with the help of the internal network. We present scalable distributed algorithms that efficiently monitor the number of edges, the average node degree, the clustering coefficient, the bipartiteness, and the weight of a minimum spanning tree. Their performance bounds demonstrate that monitoring the external network state with the help of an internal network can be done much more efficiently than just using the external network, as is usually done in the literature.

A Self-Stabilizing General De Bruijn Graph

M. Feldmann, C. Scheideler, in: Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Stabilization, Safety, and Security of Distributed Systems (SSS), Springer, Cham, 2017, pp. 250-264

Searching for other participants is one of the most important operations in a distributed system.We are interested in topologies in which it is possible to route a packet in a fixed number of hops until it arrives at its destination.Given a constant $d$, this paper introduces a new self-stabilizing protocol for the $q$-ary $d$-dimensional de Bruijn graph ($q = \sqrt[d]{n}$) that is able to route any search request in at most $d$ hops w.h.p., while significantly lowering the node degree compared to the clique: We require nodes to have a degree of $\mathcal O(\sqrt[d]{n})$, which is asymptotically optimal for a fixed diameter $d$.The protocol keeps the expected amount of edge redirections per node in $\mathcal O(\sqrt[d]{n})$, when the number of nodes in the system increases by factor $2^d$.The number of messages that are periodically sent out by nodes is constant.

## 2016

Churn- and DoS-resistant Overlay Networks Based on Network Reconfiguration

M. Drees, R. Gmyr, C. Scheideler, in: Proceedings of the 28th ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures (SPAA), 2016, pp. 417--427

We present three robust overlay networks: First, we present a network that organizes the nodes into an expander and is resistant to even massive adversarial churn. Second, we develop a network based on the hypercube that maintains connectivity under adversarial DoS-attacks. For the DoS-attacks we use the notion of a Omega(log log n)-late adversary which only has access to topological information that is at least Omega(log log n) rounds old. Finally, we develop a network that combines both churn- and DoS-resistance. The networks gain their robustness through constant network reconfiguration, i.e., the topology of the networks changes constantly. Our reconguration algorithms are based on node sampling primitives for expanders and hypercubes that allow each node to sample a logarithmic number of nodes uniformly at random in O(log log n) communication rounds. These primitives are specific to overlay networks and their optimal runtime represents an exponential improvement over known techniques. Our results have a wide range of applications, for example in the area of scalable and robust peer-to-peer systems.

S. Schmid, C. Avin, C. Scheideler, M. Borokhovich, B. Haeupler, Z. Lotker, IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. (2016)(3), pp. 1421--1433

On the Runtime of Universal Coating for Programmable Matter

Z. Derakhshandeh, R. Gmyr, A. Porter, A. W. Richa, C. Scheideler, T.F. Strothmann, in: DNA Computing and Molecular Programming - 22nd International Conference, DNA 22, Munich, Germany, September 4-8, 2016, Proceedings, 2016, pp. 148--164

Universal Shape Formation for Programmable Matter

Z. Derakhshandeh, R. Gmyr, A. W. Richa, C. Scheideler, T.F. Strothmann, in: Proceedings of the 28th ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures, SPAA 2016, Asilomar State Beach/Pacific Grove, CA, USA, July 11-13, 2016, ACM, 2016, pp. 289--299

Jamming-Resistant MAC Protocols for Wireless Networks

A. W. Richa, C. Scheideler, in: Encyclopedia of Algorithms, 2016, pp. 999--1002

Aggregation in Overlay Networks

K. Hinnenthal, Masterarbeit, Universität Paderborn, 2016

We consider the problem of aggregation in overlay networks. We use a synchronous time model in which each node has polylogarithmic memory and can send at most a polylogarithmic number of messages per round. We investigate how to quickly compute the result of an aggregate functionf over elements that are distributed among the nodes of the network such that the result is eventually known by a selected root node. We show how to compute distributive aggregate functions such as SUM, MAX, and OR in time $O(\log n / \log\log n)$ using a tree that is created in a pre-processing phase. If only a polylogarithmic number of data items need to be aggregated, we show how to compute the result in time $O(\sqrt{\log n / \log\log n})$. Furthermore, we show how to compute holistic aggregate functions such as DISTINCT, SMALLEST(k) and MODE(k) in time $O(\log n / \log\log n)$. Finally, we show a lower bound of $\Omega(\sqrt{\log n / \log\log n})$ for deterministic algorithms that compute any of the aggregate functions in the scope of the thesis.

The Impact of Communication Patterns on Distributed Self-Adjusting Binary Search Tree

T.F. Strothmann, Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications (2016), 20(1), pp. 79-100

This paper introduces the problem of communication pattern adaption for a distributed self-adjusting binary search tree. We propose a simple local algorithm that is closely related to the over thirty-year-old idea of splay trees and evaluate its adaption performance in the distributed scenario if different communication patterns are provided. To do so, the process of self-adjustment is modeled similarly to a basic network creation game in which the nodes want to communicate with only a certain subset of all nodes. We show that, in general, the game (i.e., the process of local adjustments) does not converge, and that convergence is related to certain structures of the communication interests, which we call conflicts. We classify conflicts and show that for two communication scenarios in which convergence is guaranteed, the self-adjusting tree performs well. Furthermore, we investigate the different classes of conflicts separately and show that, for a certain class of conflicts, the performance of the tree network is asymptotically as good as the performance for converging instances. However, for the other conflict classes, a distributed self-adjusting binary search tree adapts poorly.

Self-stabilizing Metric Graphs

R. Gmyr, J. Lefèvre, C. Scheideler, in: Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Stabilization, Safety, and Security of Distributed Systems (SSS), 2016, pp. 248--262

We present a self-stabilizing algorithm for overlay networks that, for an arbitrary metric given by a distance oracle, constructs the graph representing that metric. The graph representing a metric is the unique minimal undirected graph such that for any pair of nodes the length of a shortest path between the nodes corresponds to the distance between the nodes according to the metric. The algorithm works under both an asynchronous and a synchronous daemon. In the synchronous case, the algorithm stablizes in time O(n) and it is almost silent in that after stabilization a node sends and receives a constant number of messages per round.

Towards a Universal Approach for Monotonic Searchability in Self-stabilizing Overlay Networks

C. Scheideler, A. Setzer, T.F. Strothmann, in: Proceedings of the 30th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC), 2016, pp. 71--84

For overlay networks, the ability to recover from a variety of problems like membership changes or faults is a key element to preserve their functionality. In recent years, various self-stabilizing overlay networks have been proposed that have the advantage of being able to recover from any illegal state. However, the vast majority of these networks cannot give any guarantees on its functionality while the recovery process is going on. We are especially interested in searchability, i.e., the functionality that search messages for a specific identifier are answered successfully if a node with that identifier exists in the network. We investigate overlay networks that are not only self-stabilizing but that also ensure that monotonic searchability is maintained while the recovery process is going on, as long as there are no corrupted messages in the system. More precisely, once a search message from node u to another node v is successfully delivered, all future search messages from u to v succeed as well. Monotonic searchability was recently introduced in OPODIS 2015, in which the authors provide a solution for a simple line topology.We present the first universal approach to maintain monotonic searchability that is applicable to a wide range of topologies. As the base for our approach, we introduce a set of primitives for manipulating overlay networks that allows us to maintain searchability and show how existing protocols can be transformed to use theses primitives.We complement this result with a generic search protocol that together with the use of our primitives guarantees monotonic searchability.As an additional feature, searching existing nodes with the generic search protocol is as fast as searching a node with any other fixed routing protocol once the topology has stabilized.

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